ode

Arguments

y0

real vector or matrix (initial conditions).

t0

real scalar (initial time).

t

real vector (times at which the solution is computed).

f

external (function or character string or list).

type

one of the following character string: "adams" "stiff" "rk" "rkf" "fix" "discrete" "roots"

rtol,atol

real constants or real vectors of the same size as y.

jac

external (function or character string or list).

w,iw

real vectors.

ng

integer.

g

external (function or character string or list).

k0

integer (initial time).

kvect

integer vector.

Description

ode is the standard function for solving explicit ODE systems defined by: dy/dt=f(t,y) , y(t0)=y0. It is an interface to various solvers, in particular to ODEPACK. The type of problem solved and the method used depend on the value of the first optional argument type which can be one of the following strings:

<not given>:

lsoda solver of package ODEPACK is called by default. It automatically selects between nonstiff predictor-corrector Adams method and stiff Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) method. It uses nonstiff method initially and dynamically monitors data in order to decide which method to use.

"adams":

This is for nonstiff problems. lsode solver of package ODEPACK is called and it uses the Adams method.

"stiff":

This is for stiff problems. lsode solver of package ODEPACK is called and it uses the BDF method.

"rk":

Adaptive Runge-Kutta of order 4 (RK4) method.

"rkf":

The Shampine and Watts program based on Fehlberg's Runge-Kutta pair of order 4 and 5 (RKF45) method is used. This is for non-stiff and mildly stiff problems when derivative evaluations are inexpensive. This method should generally not be used when the user is demanding high accuracy.

"fix":

Same solver as "rkf", but the user interface is very simple, i.e. only rtol and atol parameters can be passed to the solver. This is the simplest method to try.

"root":

ODE solver with rootfinding capabilities. The lsodar solver of package ODEPACK is used. It is a variant of the lsoda solver where it finds the roots of a given vector function. See help on ode_root for more details.

"discrete":

Discrete time simulation. See help on ode_discrete for more details.

In this help we only describe the use of ode for standard explicit ODE systems.

• The simplest call of ode is: y=ode(y0,t0,t,f) where y0 is the vector of initial conditions, t0 is the initial time, t is the vector of times at which the solution y is computed and y is matrix of solution vectors y=[y(t(1)),y(t(2)),...].

  The input argument f defines the RHS of the first order differential equation: dy/dt=f(t,y). It is an external i.e. a function with specified syntax, or the name of a Fortran subroutine or a C function (character string) with specified calling sequence or a list:

  • If f is a Scilab function, its syntax must be ydot = f(t,y), where t is a real scalar (time) and y a real vector (state) and ydota real vector (dy/dt)

  • If f is a character string, it refers to the name of a Fortran subroutine or a C function, i.e. if ode(y0,t0,t,"fex") is the command, then the subroutine fex is called.

    The Fortran routine must have the following calling sequence: fex(n,t,y,ydot), with n an integer, t a double precision scalar, y and ydot double precision vectors.

    The C function must have the following prototype: fex(int *n,double *t,double *y,double *ydot)

    t is the time, y the state and ydotthe state derivative (dy/dt)

    This external can be build in a OS independant way using ilib_for_link and dynamically linked to Scilab by the link function.

  • The f argument can also be a list with the following structure: lst=list(realf,u1,u2,...un) where realf is a Scilab function with syntax: ydot = f(t,y,u1,u2,...,un)

    This syntax allows to use parameters as the arguments of realf.

  The function f can return a p x q matrix instead of a vector. With this matrix notation, we solve the n=p+q ODE's system dY/dt=F(t,Y) where Y is a p x q matrix. Then initial conditions, Y0, must also be a p x q matrix and the result of ode is the p x q(T+1) matrix [Y(t_0),Y(t_1),...,Y(t_T)].

• Optional input parameters can be given for the error of the solution: rtol and atol are threshold for relative and absolute estimated errors. The estimated error on y(i) is: rtol(i)*abs(y(i))+atol(i)

  and integration is carried out as far as this error is small for all components of the state. If rtol and/or atol is a constant rtol(i) and/or atol(i) are set to this constant value. Default values for rtol and atol are respectively rtol=1.d-5 and atol=1.d-7 for most solvers and rtol=1.d-3 and atol=1.d-4 for "rfk" and "fix".

• For stiff problems, it is better to give the Jacobian of the RHS function as the optional argument jac. It is an external i.e. a function with specified syntax, or the name of a Fortran subroutine or a C function (character string) with specified calling sequence or a list.

  If jac is a function the syntax should be J=jac(t,y)

  where t is a real scalar (time) and y a real vector (state). The result matrix J must evaluate to df/dx i.e. J(k,i) = dfk/dxi with fk = kth component of f.

  If jac is a character string it refers to the name of a Fortran subroutine or a C function, with the following calling sequence:

  Fortran case:

  subroutine fex(n,t,y,ml,mu,J,nrpd) 
  integer n,ml,mu,nrpd
  double precision t,y(*),J(*)

  C case:

  void fex(int *n,double *t,double *y,int *ml,int *mu,double *J,int *nrpd,)

  jac(n,t,y,ml,mu,J,nrpd). In most cases you have not to refer ml, mu and nrpd.

  If jac is a list the same conventions as for f apply.

• Optional arguments w and iw are vectors for storing information returned by the integration routine (see ode_optional_output for details). When these vectors are provided in RHS of ode the integration re-starts with the same parameters as in its previous stop.

• More options can be given to ODEPACK solvers by using %ODEOPTIONS variable. See odeoptions.

Examples

// ---------- Simple one dimension ODE (Scilab function external)
// dy/dt=y^2-y sin(t)+cos(t), y(0)=0
function ydot=f(t, y),ydot=y^2-y*sin(t)+cos(t),endfunction
y0=0;t0=0;t=0:0.1:%pi;
y=ode(y0,t0,t,f)
plot(t,y)

// ---------- Simple one dimension ODE (C coded external)
ccode=['#include <math.h>'
       'void myode(int *n,double *t,double *y,double *ydot)'
       '{'
       '  ydot[0]=y[0]*y[0]-y[0]*sin(*t)+cos(*t);'
       '}']
mputl(ccode,TMPDIR+'/myode.c') //create the C file
ilib_for_link('myode','myode.c',[],'c',TMPDIR+'/Makefile',TMPDIR+'/loader.sce');//compile
exec(TMPDIR+'/loader.sce') //incremental linking
y0=0;t0=0;t=0:0.1:%pi;
y=ode(y0,t0,t,'myode');

// ---------- Simulation of dx/dt = A x(t) + B u(t) with u(t)=sin(omega*t),
// x0=[1;0]
// solution x(t) desired at t=0.1, 0.2, 0.5 ,1.
// A and u function are passed to RHS function in a list. 
// B and omega are passed as global variables
function xdot=linear(t, x, A, u),xdot=A*x+B*u(t),endfunction
function ut=u(t),ut=sin(omega*t),endfunction
A=[1 1;0 2];B=[1;1];omega=5;
ode([1;0],0,[0.1,0.2,0.5,1],list(linear,A,u))

// ---------- Matrix notation Integration of the Riccati differential equation
// Xdot=A'*X + X*A - X'*B*X + C , X(0)=Identity
// Solution at t=[1,2] 
function Xdot=ric(t, X),Xdot=A'*X+X*A-X'*B*X+C,endfunction  
A=[1,1;0,2]; B=[1,0;0,1]; C=[1,0;0,1];
t0=0;t=0:0.1:%pi;
X=ode(eye(A),0,t,ric)

// ---------- Matrix notation, Computation of exp(A)
A=[1,1;0,2];
function xdot=f(t, x),xdot=A*x;,endfunction 
ode(eye(A),0,1,f)
ode("adams",eye(A),0,1,f)

// ---------- Matrix notation, Computation of exp(A) with stiff matrix, Jacobian given
A=[10,0;0,-1];
function xdot=f(t, x),xdot=A*x,endfunction 
function J=Jacobian(t, y),J=A,endfunction 
ode("stiff",[0;1],0,1,f,Jacobian)

See Also

• ode_discrete
• ode_root
• dassl
• impl
• odedc
• odeoptions
• csim
• ltitr
• rtitr

Authors

Alan C. Hindmarsh

, mathematics and statistics division, l-316 livermore, ca 94550.19

Bibliography

Alan C. Hindmarsh, lsode and lsodi, two new initial value ordinary differential equation solvers, acm-signum newsletter, vol. 15, no. 4 (1980), pp. 10-11.

Used Functions

The associated routines can be found in SCI/modules/differential_equations/src/fortran directory :

lsode.f lsoda.f lsodar.f